For Samuel Bochart, a seventeenth-century Frenchman who dedicated himself to the study of the Bible, the name Olisipo is a pre-Roman designation of "Lisbon" that would go back to the Phenicians. According to him, the word "Olisipo" derives from "Allis Ubbo" or "Porto Seguro" in phenício, a port located in the Tagus estuary. There is no record that can prove such a theory. According to Francisco Villar, "Olisipo" would be a tartesse word of origin, the type suffix being used in Turdetano-Tartessica influence territories. The prefix "Oli(s)" would not be unique since it is associated with another Lusitanian city of unknown location, which Pomponius Mela used to say is called "Olitingi."

The ancient authors knew a legend that attributed Olisipo's foundation to the Greek hero Ulysses, probably based in Strabon: Odysses had founded in an uncertain place on the Iberian Peninsula a city called Olisipo (Ibi oppidum Olisipone Ulixi conditum: ibi Tagus flumen). Later, the Latin name would have been corrupted to "Olissipona." Ptolemy named Lisbon "Oliosipon." The Visigodos called her Ulishbon. and the Moors, who conquered Lisbon in the year 714, gave it this name in Arabic ا ي ك س ب to be (al-Lixbûnâ) or even to be a al-Ushbuna).

In popular jargon, the natural people or the inhabitants of Lisbon are called "locals". The origin of the word is unknown. It is supposed that the term is explained by the fact that there are gardens in the hills of the primitive city of Lisbon, where they wore "hortense plants used in cooking, perfumery and medicine", sold in the city. The word lettuce comes from Arabic and may indicate that the cultivation of the plant began when Muslims occupied the Iberian Peninsula. There are also those who maintain that, in one of the sieges of the city, the inhabitants of the Portuguese capital had as their almost exclusive food the lettuce of their gardens. What is certain is that the word has been enshrined and that the great ones of Portuguese literature have agreed to take a lysoap as a little lettuce.

Neolithic and foundation

In Lisbon there are traces of the Neolithic, Eneolithic and Neoneolithic. During the Neolithic era, the Lisbon region was inhabited by people who also lived in this period in other parts of Atlantic Europe. These people have built several megalithic monuments. It is still possible to find some dollars and minerals in the fields around the city. Located in the estuary of the River Tagus, the excellent port of Lisbon has made it the ideal city for supplying food to ships heading for the Isles of Tagus (now the Scilly Islands) and for Cornwall. The Celtic people invaded the Peninsula in the first millennium BC. Thanks to tribal marriages with the pre-Roman Iberian peoples, the number of speakers of the Celtic language has increased significantly in the region. The preRoman village of Olisipo, which originated in the VIII-VII B.C. centuries, was located on the hill and on the Castle hillside. The Preromanian Olisipo was Portugal's largest eastern village. Its population is estimated to be between 2 500 and 5 000. Olisipo would be a good anchorage for maritime traffic and trade with Phoenicians.

Phoenician archeological finds beneath the woods of Lisbon

Archeological findings suggest that there had already been trade with the Phoenicians in the region of Lisbon in 1,200 BC, leading some historians to admit that they had inhabited what is today the center of the city, in the southern part of the hill of the castle. In D Square. Luís, in Lisbon, traces of a deadland were located more than 2000 years old, going back to the first century BC. and the Vd.C., where ships were anchoring to discharge and repair and also to transit passengers and cargo. Besides traveling from there to the north, the Phoenicians also took advantage of the fact that they were in the mouth of the largest river in the Iberian Peninsula to trade in precious metals with the local tribes. Other important products on the market were salt, salted fish and Portuguese pure-blood horses, well known in ancient times.

Recently (1990/94) Phoenician traces of the 8th century BC. were found under the Sé de Lisboa. Nonetheless, some modern historians consider that the idea of the Phoenician foundation is unreal, convinced that Lisbon was an ancient indigenous civilization (called opido by the Romans) that was limited to establishing commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which would explain the presence of ceramics and other articles of such origin. An old legend states that the city of Lisbon was founded by the Greek hero Odysseus (Odysseus),^[lack sources ] and that, like Rome, its original village was surrounded by seven hills. If all the trips from Ulysses across the Atlantic had occurred as Théophile Cailleux described them, this would have meant that Ulysses founded the city coming from the North, before going around Cabo Malea, (which Cailleux says is the Cape of São Vicente), on his trip to the Southeast, heading to Ithaca. However, the presence of Phoenicians, even occasional ones, is prior to the Greek presence in this territory. Afterwards, the Greek name of the city would have been corrupted in Latin for Olissipona. Other preRoman gods from Lusitania^[lacking sources ] are Araco, Carioca, Bandua and Trebaruna.

Roman period

Ruins of the Roman theater of Olisipo

Part of ancient Roman walls

The ancient Greeks are presumed to have had a trade post in the mouth of the Tagus for some time,^[lack of sources ] but the conflicts that were raging across the Mediterranean have undoubtedly led to their abandonment, mainly due to the power of Carthage at that time. It seems certain, however, that the territory of Lisbon is primarily occupied by Mediterranean populations organized around a nuclear family. The civilizational influences of this Saloia region of Extremadura are a snake, unique and, above all, in structural terms, berber-moura and Latin-Roman. The latter, exogenous, more exquisite, will dominate as a culture of power, in administrative and educational structures, when the legacies of the Roman Empire are appropriate to the Catholic Church.

After Carthage's conquest, the Romans begin the West's peacemaking wars. Around 139/138 B.C., they conquered Olisipo, during the 10th Jury Bruto Galaico campaign, which reinforced the city's walls to defend itself from the hostile tribes. Lisbon was then appended to the empire and rewarded with the granting of Roman citizenship, which was then an extremely rare privilege for non-Roman peoples.^[lacks sources ]Felicitas Julia thus enjoys the status of municipality, along with the surrounding territories, within a radius of 50 km, not paying taxes to Rome, unlike almost everyone else the other conquered castros and indigenous settlements. The city was finally integrated, with wide autonomy, in the province of Lusitania, the capital of which was Emeritas Augusta, the current Mérida, located in Extremadura. The Roman Olisipo had available itself in a amphitheater from the hill of the Castle of São Jorge to the Terreiro do Trigo, the Campo das Cebolas, the ancient Ribeira Velha and Rua Augusta. One of the oldest and most important vestiges of the Roman presence in Lisbon are the ruins of a magnificent theater (the first century) then built in the place that today corresponds to the 3A of São Mamede Street, in Alfama, very frequented by the elites of the time.

In the times of the Romans, the city was famous for the manufature of garum, a luxury food made from fish paste, conserved in anchors and exported to Rome and all of the empire. Other products on the market were wine and salt. Ptolemy designated this primordial Lisbon as the city of Ulysses. In their time, in addition to the exploitation of gold and silver mines, the largest income came from taxes, taxes, redemptions and looting, which included gold and silver from the public treasures of the peoples of Lusitania and other peninsular confectionery. At the end of the Roman empire, Olisipo was one of the first groups that spontaneously welcomed Christianity. The first bishop in town was St. Gens. As a result of the fall of the empire, Lisbon was the victim of barbaric invasions, the Alanos, the Vandals and the Swedes, and was part of its kingdom. It was taken by the visitors of Toledo, who called it "Publishbona".

Muslim presence

Representation of Muhammad I of Granada in the Cantiles of Santa Maria

"Mouriscos of the Kingdom of Grenada, walking through the field with wife and child." Drawing by Christoph Weiditz (1529)

After three centuries of looting, looting and loss of commercial dynamics, "Publishing buna" would be little more than a village like many others of the beginning of the seventh century. In 711, taking advantage of a civil war of the visigoes, Mourisk troops led by Tadík invade the Iberian Peninsula. What is left of the western Roman peninsular is conquered by Abdalazize ibne Muça, one of the sons of Tárque. According to old historians, "Olishbuna" doesn't escape him. Modern researchers deny this version by saying that there was no Muslim invasion of Lisbon. The indigenous lybot were Berbers, who had a deeply rooted culture.

In the version of the conquest, in 714, Lisbon is taken by Moors from North Africa, called Aluxbuna (al-Lixbûnâ) in Arabic, whose former name would have been Cudia (Kudia or Kudiya). The fence was built in this period.

Lisbon belonged to the first Taifa of Badajoz in 1013, created by the freed Slavo Sabur Al-Amiri (1013-1022), a saqaliba, formerly a subject of Aláqueme II.

While South Taipei were fragmenting, in the north, the Portuguese County was separated from the Kingdom of Leon, already in the midst of the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Although established in Guimarães, the economic strength and autonomy of the Portuguese County was in Porto, i.e. in Portugal, in the port of Cale, Gaia. We can well imagine what the new kingdom would be like, driven by the commercial dynamism of the young city of merchants which, at the mouth of the second largest river in the Iberian Peninsula, the Douro River, then enjoyed similar importance to the one of Lisbon in the Tagus River, and which would also end up being conquered.

The Arab geographer Edrisi says that in Lisbon

"the sea throws gold sticks off the beach." In the winter " the city's inhabitants go to the river in search of this metal and dedicate themselves to it while the cold lasts".

Almunime Al-Himiar describes Lisbon with more frequency :

"It is a city on the seaside, with waves that break up against the walls, admirable and well constructed. The western part of the city is surrounded by overlapping arcs based on marble columns supported by marble casings. By nature, the city is beautiful."

Geographer Yâqût al-Hamâwaci reveals other things:

"It's an old town near the sea, west of Córdoba. In the hills around it there are beautiful hawks and in it the best honey from all al-Andalus, known as al-ladharnki, is produced. It looks like sugar and keeps wrapped in cloth so it doesn't spoil. The city is near the Tagus river and near the sea. It has pure gold deposits on the soil and excellent amber slopes."

Ibne Saíde, in the 13th century, says, for his part, that Lisbon "is a fiancée in the nuptial alcohol."

St. George's Castle, built by the Moors.

Reconquest

Siege of Lisbon, 1147.

The plague forcing Castilians to lift the siege to Lisbon (1901) by Constantino Fernandes. Table referring to one of the episodes of the 1383-1385 crisis

Traditional Portuguese historiography tells us that al-Ushbuna was conquered by Afonso Henriques to the Moors. Today, it is known that it was the Marrana seigniorial classes of the Between Douro and Minho, whose patron was São Tiago, the reporters of the conquest and that Afonso Henriques belongs to the group of these northeastern Portuguese-speaking Christian northeastern countries that will dominate the Central and Southern pagan of Portugal and will perpetuate themselves leaving descendents.

The first attempt to regain Lisbon took place in 1137. Fracassa in front of the city walls. In 1140, run to crossings in transit through Portugal. Together, they undertake a new attack, which also fails. Only seven years later, Christians would regain the settlement by giving thanks to the first King of Portugal, Dom Afonso Henriques. The king gives him a formal in 1179. In 1255, thanks to its strategic location, Lisbon became the capital of the kingdom. Once the conquest is over, the Christian religion is consolidated and the Portuguese language is instituted, the diroman of Lisbon is created, which in the 14th century will elevate the metropolis (archdiocese).

In the last centuries of the Middle Ages, the city has expanded and become an important port, with trade established with northern Europe and the coastal cities of the Mediterranean Sea. In 1290, King Dom Dinis created the first Portuguese university in Lisbon, which, because of a fire, was transferred to Coimbra in 1308, when the city already had large religious and conventional buildings.

Don Fernando I, the Formoso, built the famous Fernandina Wall, since the city was rapidly growing outside the initial perimeter. Starting from the poorest neighborhoods and ending up in the bourgeoisie neighborhoods, most of the money used to carry out the project came from the latter. This strategy has proved appropriate, as the bourgeoisie would otherwise no longer finance the work.

The new chapter in the history of Lisbon is initiated with the revolution motivated by the 1383-85 crisis. After the death of Fernando de Portugal, the Kingdom should have the King of Castile, João I de Castilla, as its sovereign name, and be governed by Leonor Teles de Menezes. However, the Spanish king wanted to be a real sovereign or, as is often said, "king and lord", persuading the mother-in-law and regent queen to renounce the government and give in to it. This, without the consent of the Courts, was a usurpation of power, which gave rise to war. After about a year and a half of fighting, the bourgeoisie of the city, with its English connections and large capitals, would be one of the winners: the master of Avis is hailed as João I de Portugal, after successfully completing the siege of Lisbon in 1384 and before winning, in 1385, the Battle of Aljubarrota, under the leadership of Nun'Álvares Pereira, against the Spanish forces reinforced with French military personnel and supported by the Portuguese trusts who were vassing the king of Castilla.

In 1385 Lisbon replaced Coimbra as the capital of the kingdom.

Navigation Age

The oldest representation of Lisbon (1500-1510) from the Chronicle of Dom Afonso Henriques, by Duarte Galvão

Lisbon in 1572

Input from D. Philip II in Lisbon in 1613

The Portuguese maritime discoveries were, at the end of the 15th century, one of the strategic priorities of Don João II, who rose to the throne in 1481 and who changed his residence from the Castle of São Jorge to the Terreiro do Paço (Paço da Ribeira), which for this reason became known: the great "terror" where and around which the major shipbuilding yards of Lisbon were concentrated and where the royal pit was installed on the western side of the "trade square". This would be the best place for the young sovereign to watch the Tagus, out from the top of a fine tower, right there two steps from the ruels of doubtful fame that he preferred in night escapades.

Portugal is at the forefront of its contemporary countries by being the first to transform technological and scientific research into State policy and by opening the doors to Aragonese, Catalan, Italian and German specialists with the objetive of increasing and enriching the nautical knowledge of officers and mere sailors. This policy would be enhanced by the knowledge of eastern pilots.

Several expeditions take place with Portuguese crews integrating expatriates from other kingdoms that will lead to the discovery of the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. With serious arguments, some historians claim that Portuguese caravelas have now reached Brazil. These arguments relate to secret John II projects which, prior to the Tordesillas Treaty, engaged sailors and cartographers. One of these, German, was called Martin Behaim. On one of his maps, drawn shortly before America's "official" discovery, a vast territory in the prolongation of Asia is to the south. It would be the king's intention to conceal his existence in order to guarantee, in the light of the ambitions of Castile, the predominance of a colonial area of vital importance to Portugal.^[lack sources ]

It allows the settlement of the Atlantic islands to the west and south-west of Portugal to found the necessary cities and ports for the exploitation of new markets. Numerous expeditions began from Lisbon at the time of the discoveries (15th to 17th centuries), such as Vasco da Gama, in 1497-1498, making the port of Lisbon, Europe's trading center, avid for gold and spices better.

At the height of the Portuguese colonial expansion, the houses bordering Lisbon had between three and five floors: a store and above it commercial premises. Two engravings of the New Street of the Merchants in the sixteenth century discovered in London illustrate this reality and the important role of the black presence in the city. Lisbon became the place of Genoa in the slave trade from Africa, the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of Europe. It became a port in which captive movements were then sold to various parts of Europe. Lisbon was then attended by many foreign traders.

The greatest wealth of Lisbon since the end of the sixteenth century was the gold and the monopoly of Brazil's products. After the conflicts and wars between conservatives and liberals, the monopoly was lost and only a small part of the gold came into the real coffers because of smuggling and piracy.

The country was in a difficult economic situation when the nations of Europe, starting industrialization, enriched themselves with the trade of the Americas (England would come to dominate Brazilian trade) and of Asia. It is now in Lisbon in 1640 that the main revolt will take place in the Restoration of Independence.

Terreiro do Paço in 1662, next to the garrison, Portuguese soldiers were being shot in the middle of the Restoration War

City representation in the 18th century

The problems of trade increase when, in 1636, the Catalans revolt, merchant people like Lisbon also oppressed by the Spanish rates. It is Portugal that Madrid is coming to claim men and funds to submit Catalonia. It is then that the city's merchants are allied to the small and medium nobility. They are trying to convince the Duke of Bragança, Don João, to accept the throne, but this, like the rest of the high nobility, is favored by Madrid and only the intention of making him king to convince him. The conspirators robbed the Governor's Palace and acclaimed the new king (D. John IV), first with the support of Cardinal Richelieu, a Frenchman, and then using the old alliance with England, a process called the Restoration of Independence (1640).

Post-Restoration Lisbon will be a city increasingly dominated by Catholic religious orders. More than forty conventions are founded in the city, in addition to the thirty already existing. Stranded religious people, whose livelihoods are secured by expropriations and expropriations, account for thousands, accounting for more than 5% of the city's population. The political climate becomes increasingly conservative, more authoritarian. By repressing the merchant class, the Inquisition is concentrated on controlling mentalities, watching ideas and creativity, which suppresses in the name of the "purity'' of faith. Children unworthy of the paternal heritage, who previously used to dedicate themselves to trade and to overseas companies, take refuge in religious orders and start to live in the hands of others, in the majority of cases without any religious conviction.

Lisbon would then be the great stage of the autos of faith moved by the Church against apostates, herthetics, New Christians, Jews in particular, accused of deviating Christianity. In addition, every citizen could be sacrificed for derisory 'sins' denounced for petty revenge. The delaying was elevated to virtue. In the majority of cases for false reasons or for futile reasons, the victims were burned alive in apartments lit up in places like Rossio and Plaza do Comércio, in front of excited crowds that at times appeased shame with churches and wine. These spectacles, animated by the skillful executioners of the Crown, in which representatives of the ecclesiastical and secular authorities took part, lasted until 1821. They were regularly honored by the presence of King D. João V, who worked hard not to fall short of neighboring Spain and other European countries in grandiose works, notable achievements and great measures such as those of the Holy Office. Such repressive practices, cultivating fear and stigma in the soul of a people, would serve as a model for future rulers who have been able to benefit from them. In 1731, he ordered the construction of the Free Water Aqueduct.

1755 earthquake and Lisbon Pombalina

Representation of the Lisbon earthquake, one of the strongest earthquakes in history

Mock from a Pombaline cage

Lisbon was almost completely destroyed on 1 November 1755 by a terrible earthquake. It was reconstructed according to the plans drawn up by the Marquis of Pombal (Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo), Minister of War and Foreign Affairs. From lower Nobility, he quickly reacted to the ruins of the earthquake after he said it was necessary to bury the dead, take care of the living and rebuild the city. The rebuilt central part will be called Baja Pombalina. The grid used in the reconstruction plans would make it possible to draw the squares of Rossio and Terreiro do Paço, this one with a beautiful plow open in front of the Tagus river.

Still in the 18th century and in D. João V, the Pope will grant the city's Archbishop the honorary title of Patriarch and the automatic appointment as Cardinal (hence the title of "Cardinal Patriarch of Lisbon"). In the first years of the 19th century Portugal was invaded by the troops of Napoleon Bonaparte, obliging King John VI to travel temporarily to Brazil. Lisbon felt resentful. Many assets were looted by the invaders.

The city lived intensely through the liberal struggles. There was a time of flourishing of cafés and theaters. Later, in 1879, the Avenue de Liberdade (Freedom Avenue) was opened, which started the citadine expansion beyond the Lower.

The city's cultural and commercial center moved to Chiado during the 19th century (around 1880). With the old streets of Lower Already occupied, the owners of new shops and clubs settled on the appended hill, which quickly transformed. This is where famous clubs are founded, such as the Literary Club, famed by the stories of Eça de Queiróz, frequented by Almeida Garrett, Ramalho Ortigão, Guerra Junqueiro, Oliveira Martins and Alexandre Herculano. The Chiado fashion clothing shops, particularly in Paris, and other luxury goods, large stores in the style of the Harrods in London or the Lafayette Galleries in Paris, new Portuguese-Italian cafes such as The Tavares and the Café do Chiado have emerged.

20th century

Proclamation of the republic by José Relvas in Lisbon

Typical spectacle of taverns and small enclosures in the popular districts of Lisbon, the fado, from the beginning of the century, "...has a gradual dissemination and popular consecration, through the publication of periodicals that dedicate themselves to the theme and the consolidation of new performance spaces in a wide network of enclosures ...".

At the same time, in large spaces such as the Plaza de Touros do Campo Pequeno, bullfighting becomes one of the favorite popular entertainment events. The popular theater or the magazine theater, taking up themes of old comedies and erudite dramas, occupies new theaters in the capital. Another hobby, typically Portuguese, is the Oratorium, practiced by actors who, commenting on themes in fashion, imitate Father António Vieira with a rhetoric full of flowery, with superficial arguments, sometimes singing, in shows where prizes are fought. They also kill the lettuce and their jobs in large public gardens that arise in Lisbon by imitating the Hyde Park of London and gardens in German cities. The first is the Garden of the Star.

Murder of Sidônio Pais at Rossio Station

It is then, in 1907, that, alarmed, the elites impose the dictatorship with João Franco, but it is too late. In 1908 the royal family suffered an attack (on the Terreiro do Paço) in which El-Rei Dom Carlos de Portugal and the heir to the throne, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe de Bragança, died in an action probably carried out by anarchists (who in this period attack public figures throughout Europe). In 1909 the workers of Lisbon organized frequent strikes. In 1910, in Lisbon, the revolt that would implant the republic in Portugal took place. A large number of the city's inhabitants, incited by the Portuguese Republican Party, form barricades in the streets and are distributed with weapons. The armies ordered to suppress the revolution are dismembered by desertions. The rest of the country is obliged to follow the capital, despite remaining profoundly rural, Catholic and conservative. The First Republic shall be proclaimed. In 1912, the northern monarchists took advantage of the discontent with the liberal laws of the republicans and tried a failed coup d'état.

In 1916, Portugal entered, via the Alliance, the First World War. In the midst of a national crisis, it mobilizes considerable men and resources. There are many casualties. In the face of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps disaster, Sidônio Pais is one of those who oppose the Democratic Party government and ends up leading a new coup in December 1917, led by the Revolutionary Military Junta, of which he was President. On the eighth day, the government of the Holy Union led by Afonso Costa was dismissed and the power transferred to the Junta. Retired Bernardino Machado, Afonso Costa provisionally assumes the position of President of the Republic. It issues a series of dictatorial decrees that change the Constitution and give it the accumulated power of President and Head of Government, founding a New Republic that will anticipate the New State. Politics becomes more tense. There is hunger in the country.^[lack sources ]

View of the Vasco da Gama Tower in the National Park, where the 1998 World Exhibition was held

Lisbon from São Jorge Castle, with the Bridge over Tejo at the bottom

Sidon will be shot dead in December 1918. The end of the First Republic takes place in 1926, when the conservative anti-democratic right (largely led by the descendants of the former Nobility of the north of the country and by the Catholic Church) finally takes power, after two other attempts in 1925. It claims to want to end the anarchy that it itself created. Led by General Gomes da Costa, the new government adopts a fascist ideology, under the leadership of the dictator Salazar. The new regime would govern the country with impunity for four decades. This impunity would be justified by Salazar's many generous ‘offers’ to the "good Portuguese people", alluded by the media and illustrated in solemn ceremonies attended by the elites of the time. The largest of them was Ponte Salazar (today Ponte 25 de Abril), inaugurated in 1966 with all the pomp and circumstance : it made a dream come true, it brought together the north and south through the capital, it was the largest in the continent.^[lacks sources ]

The New State was overthrown by the Carnation Revolution, April 25, 1974. The military coup was followed by the troubled period of the PREC, marked particularly in Lisbon by the propaganda and action of the left, from the most moderate to the most radical. The Rally of the Light Source would be a decisive event for the country's political future The unrest is also aggravated by far-right groups that reach the point of blocking access to the city and of carrying out terrorist actions in the north of the country with the aim of halting the progress of the revolution. For two years, in 1974 and 1975, Lisbon was invaded by foreign journalists and was in the spotlight of the main international media. German TV reporter Horst Hano was one of the most important, providing particularly full coverage of the main political events in Portugal and Spain between 1975 and 1979.

Ten years after the fall of the fascist regime, far from the dramas of the Revolutionary Process under way, the Treaty of Accession to the European Economic Community was signed in Lisbon in 1985, at the Jerome Monastery by the then President of the Republic, Mário Soares. Since then, Lisbon and the country have been governed by a party political regime. Lisbon continues to develop at the pace of major European capitals, improving its infrastructure and building new ones, remodeling the urban transport, safety and health system. In 1994 it was European Capital of Culture. In 1998, it opened its second bridge, at the time the longest of all Europe and the fourth largest in the world, the Vasco da Gama Bridge. In the same year, it organized the EXPO 98, in the Park of the Nations, with the theme of Oceans. The current mayor of Lisbon (C.M.L) is Fernando Medina of the Socialist Party (PS).

Air photo from Lisbon

Located on the right bank of the Tagus estuary at 38º42' N and 9º00' W, with a maximum altitude in the Monsanto mountain range (226 meters in altitude), Lisbon is the most western capital of Europe. It is located to the west of Portugal on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The limits of the city, unlike what happens in large cities, are well delimited within the limits of the historical perimeter. This has led to the creation of several cities around Lisbon, such as Loures, Odivelas, Amadora and Oeiras, which are in fact part of the metropolitan perimeter of Lisbon. More recently, to the south of Tejo, but already belonging to the district of Setúbal, Almada, Seixal and Barreiro are also houses for the urban expansion of Lisbon, particularly after 1974, benefiting from proximity to the neuralgic center of Lisbon, although with a clearly distinct identity from the one in the north of Tejo.

The city's historic center is made up of seven hills, some of which are too narrow for vehicles to pass through. The city uses three funiculars and an elevator (Elevator of Santa Justa). The western part of the city is occupied by the Monsanto Forest Park, one of the largest urban parks in Europe, with an area of almost 10 km². Lisbon has gained ground in the river with successive landfills, especially since the 19th century. These landfills allowed the creation of avenues, the establishment of railway lines and the construction of port facilities and even new urbanization such as the National Park and equipment such as the Belém Cultural Center.^[lack sources ]

Environment and green areas

Help Botanical Garden

Eduardo VII Park

Lisbon is a city full of green spaces of various dimensions. It was in this city that the first Portuguese botanical garden arose: Help Botanical Garden. Some of the city's gardens are in the process of being recovered, with the aim of creating a green corridor in the city, while other areas, previously concentrating high levels of traffic and pollution, are being refurbished, the most recent being the CRIL 2nd Circular.

In terms of air quality, it has progressively lower levels of air pollution, although still with NO₂ particles clearly above the legal limit. These particle values are derived from the above-average use of European car traffic, as opposed to the use of public transport, which distinguishes Lisbon from other European capitals. In recent years, improvements have been made both inside and outside Lisbon in the planning of the public rail and road transport network, allowing for more efficient and effective use and therefore less pollution emitted.

In Lisbon there are more than a hundred parks, gardens, farms and covered areas, including Eduardo VII Park, Monsanto Forest Park, Botanical Garden of Help, the Botanical Garden of Lisbon, Jardim da Estrela, and the Help Shoe, among many others. The Monsanto Forest Park is the largest and most important park in the city, called its "Green Lung", as it is the only major forest in Lisbon (the others closest to it are the Mafra Toad, the Help Toad and the Sintra Ridge). In turn, the Eduardo VII Park, the Botanical Garden of Aid and the Botanical Garden of Lisbon are among the gardens. The first because it is the largest green area in the ancient center of Lisbon, and the other two because they have a very varied collection of tree species. Has an oceanarium: the Ocean of Lisbon. The city also has several gardens, one of which is the Zoo of Lisbon, the Jardim da Estrela, the Botanical Garden of Help and the Campo de Santana. There are also major urban parks such as Eduardo VII Park, Bela Vista Park and José Gomes Ferreira Park.

View of the overview of Lisbon from St George's Castle.

Climate

Lisbon is one of Europe's mildest capitals, with a Mediterranean climate (Csa according to the Köppen climate classification) strongly influenced by the Gulf Stream. Spring is fresh to hot spring (from 8 °C to 26 °C) with sun and some showers. Summer is generally hot and dry and temperatures between 16 °C and 35 °C. Autumn is mild and unstable, with temperatures between 12 °C and 27 °C and winter is typically rainy and fresh, also with some sun). The lowest recorded temperature was -1,2 °C on 11 February 1956 and the highest was 44,0 °C on 4 August 2018.

Lisbon population Lisbon Council population (900-2011) Year Population % change 900 100,000   1552 200 000  100 1598 150 000  25 1720 185 000  23.3 1755 180 000  2.7 1756 165 000  8.3 1801 203 999  23.6 1806 250 000  22.5 1849 174 668  30.1 1899 300 000  71.75 1900 350 919  16.9 1930 591 939  68.6 1960 801 155  35.34 1981 807 937  0.84 1991 663 394  17.8 2001 564 657  14.8 2003 540 563  4.2 2004 529 485  2.04 2005 519 795  1.8 2006 509 751  1.9 2007 499 709  1.96 2008 489 562  2.03 2009 480 766  1.8 2011 547 631  12.2 Developments in the Lisbon population

Resident population vs car fleet in the municipality of Lisbon from 1981 to 2012. Source: INE and ACAP

The population of Lisbon is characterized by several ups and downs throughout its history. At present, the population of Lisbon is falling. The metropolitan area of Lisbon is on the increase in population, as a result of the migration of the city's inhabitants to the neighboring cities. In the current demographic structure of Lisbon, women account for more than half of the population (54%) and men for 46%. The city has an aging age structure, with 23% of the elderly (65 years or more), when the Portuguese average is 16%. Among the youngest, 13% of the population is under 15, 9% are between 15 and 24 years old and 53% of the 25 to 64 years old.

Population

(Note: The number of ‘resident’ inhabitants, i.e. that they had official residence in this municipality at the time the census took place.)

(Note: From 1900 to 1950, the data refer to the ‘de facto’ population, that is to say, who was present in the Council at the time the censuses took place. Hence, there are some differences with the so-called resident population)

Religions

According to a 2018 survey, a little more than half of the population of Lisbon claimed to be Catholic (54.9%) and 35% declared that they have no religion (13.1% believers without religion, 10% atheists and 6.9% agnostics). Religious minorities accounted for 10% of the population, half (5%) belonging to Protestant churches and the other 5% divided between Jehovah's Witnesses, Muslims, Buddhists, Orthodox and others. Only 11.4% of the population of Lisbon stated that they would attend church or other places of worship on a weekly basis.

Municipal Council of Lisbon

It is in Lisbon that the country's main political bodies (ministries, courts, etc.) are located. The municipality of Lisbon is administered by a municipal council of 17 councilors. There is a municipal council which is the municipality's legislative body, made up of 75 municipal deputies, 51 of which are directly elected to the mayors of the 24 municipal councils.

The post of Mayor of the City has been vacant since 15 May 2007, following the resignation of Mr. António Carmona Rodrigues, who had been elected by the PSD. In the elections of July 15, 2007, António Costa was elected by the EP. After his resignation in 2015, Vice-President Fernando Medina took over the position and was subsequently elected president as a result of the 2017 municipal elections, despite the fact that the PS lost the absolute majority, receiving 42% of the votes.

Administrative Subdivisions

Since the 2012 administrative reorganization, Lisbon has counted 24 municipalities grouped into five zones (or Territorial Intervention Units (ITUs)).

International relations

The city of Lisbon is one of the 7 Founding Cities of the UCCLA, the Union of Luso-Afro-Americas Capital Cities. The city of Lisbon is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities. Below is a list of the sister cities of Lisbon and those with which the city government has established a cooperation and friendship agreement:

Sister cities

Cooperation and friendship agreement

Port of Lisbon and docks of Alcântara

The Lisbon region is the richest in Portugal and produces a gross domestic product (GDP) per capita above the European Union average, and is responsible for producing 45% of Portuguese GDP. The city's economy is mainly based on the tertiary sector. Most of the headquarters of the multinational companies operating in Portugal are concentrated in Greater Lisbon, especially in the municipality of Oeiras. The Metropolitan Area of Lisbon is highly industrialized, especially on the southern bank of the Tagus river.

The Lisbon region had rapid economic growth for most of the years 2000 and increased its PPP GDP per capita from EUR 22 745 in 2004 to EUR 26 100 in 2007. In 2011, the metropolitan region of Lisbon recorded a GDP of USD 95.2 billion and USD 31.454 per capita.

The country's main port, with one of the largest and most sophisticated regional markets on the Iberian Peninsula, Lisbon and its populous surroundings, is also developing as an important financial center and a dynamic and technological center. Car manufacturers have built plants in the suburbs, such as AutoEurope.

Seat of the General Deposit Facility

Office towers at the Colombo Center.

The city has the largest and most developed mass media sector in the country and is the headquarters of several related companies, ranging from main television networks and radio stations to major national and international newspapers.

The Euronext Lisbon stock exchange, which is part of the pan-European Euronext financial system, together with the Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris stock exchanges, has been associated with the New York Stock Exchange since 2007, when the multinational NYSE Euronext stock exchange group was set up. The city's industry has very large sectors, such as oil refineries, textile factories, shipyards and fishing industries, which are found along the Tagus.

Close to Lisbon is one of the largest shopping centers in the Iberian Peninsula, Dolce Vita Tejo (Amadora), inside the city are the Colombo Center, Amoreiras Shopping Center and the Vasco da Gama Center. For more typical purchases, Lower Lisbon. There are many other shopping malls on the outskirts of Lisbon, such as the Almada Forum (Almada), the high-pitch, the Oeiras Parque (Oeiras), the Rio Sul Shopping (Seixal), the Freeport Alcochete (Alcochete) and other areas such as the Montijo, Cascais, Loures and Odivelas.

Before the eurozone public debt crisis broke out and a financial rescue plan was implemented by the EU and the IMF in the 2010's, the city of Lisbon was about to receive many state-funded investments, including the construction of a new airport, a new bridge, a 30-km expansion of the city underground system, the construction of a central hospital, the creation of two high-speed rail lines to connect Portuguese capital to the city Madrid, Oporto, Vigo and the rest of Europe, the restoration of the historic part of the city, the creation of a large number of bike lanes, and the modernization and renovation of several installations.

The Vasco da Gama Tower (left) in the National Park, one of the financial centers of the city and place where the 1998 World Exhibition was held. In the background, from the Vasco da Gama Bridge

Health

Santa Maria Hospital

In Lisbon there are several hospitals (both public and private), clinics, health centers, etc. There is also a project under way, which provides for the construction of a Central Hospital in Bela Vista Park. The hospital called the Eastern Lisbon Hospital will encompass some hospitals in the center of Lisbon (e.g. the Hospital of Dona Estefânia, the Hospital of Santa Marta, etc. The opening is scheduled for 2019.

In Lisbon there are several public hospitals (from the National Health Service), military hospitals, health centers, private hospitals and clinics. There is also a project under way, which provides for the construction of an Eastern Hospital Center in Bela Vista Park. The hospitals of Santa Marta and Santa Cruz began by being specialized in Cardiology, and later included other specialties.

The public hospitals of Lisbon City are grouped into centers: Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Central Lisbon Hospital Center; Western Lisbon Hospital Center; Specialized Centers; and military hospitals.

Education

Headquarters of the New University of Lisbon

National Library of Portugal

The city of Lisbon has public and private primary, primary and secondary schools and kindergartens of 312. In the Greater Lisbon area there are international schools such as Saint Julian's School, Carlucci American International School of Lisbon, St Dominic's International School, Deutsche Schule Lissabon and Lycee Français Charles Lepierre.

Lisbon currently has two public universities, the University of Lisbon, created in 2013 by the junction of the Classical University of Lisbon (also called Lisbon University only) with the Technical University of Lisbon, thus forming the largest university at the national level, and the New University of Lisbon, founded in 1957, Open University, as well as several private universities, which offer higher courses in all academic areas. There is also ISCTE-IUL, ISCTE - University Institute of Lisbon, and the Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon. At this place, near the hospital in Sta. Maria, the existence of the Higher Nursing School of Lisbon, the largest nursing school in the country, is also outstanding.

The largest private higher education institutions include the Portuguese Catholic University, the Lusíada University, the Lusophone University and the Autonomous University of Lisbon, among others. The total number of members of public and private higher education institutions in the 2007-2008 school year was 125 867, of which 81 507 were in public institutions.

The city is equipped with various libraries and archives, the most important being the National Library. To merit prominence as one of the most important archives in the world, over the age of 600, is the National Archive of the Torre do Tombo, the central archive of the Portuguese State since the Middle Ages and one of the oldest Portuguese institutions ative. There is also, among others, the Military History Archive and the Overseas Historical Archive.

Transport

April 25 bridge, built in 1966.		Vasco da Gama Bridge over the Tejo River, the largest in Europe.

Two bridges link Lisbon to the south bank of the Tagus river: the April 25 bridge linking Lisbon to Almada, inaugurated in 1966 under the name of Ponte Salazar and subsequently renamed the Carnation Revolution, and the Vasco da Gama Bridge, 17.2 km long, the longest bridge in Europe and the fifth longest bridge in the world, linking the East and Sacavém to the Montijo. Inaugurated in 1998 in the ambit of Expo 98, it also commemorates the 500 years of the arrival of Vasco da Gama in India. There is already an approved project for the construction of a third bridge over the Tejo River, scheduled for 2013.

Lisbon airport, Humberto Delgado Airport, is located 7 km from the center in the north-east of the city. Humberto Delgado Airport is the largest airport in Portugal, with a traffic volume of around 20 million passengers per year. Opened to traffic in 1942, Humberto Delgado Airport is served by two lanes and owned two terminals: Terminal 1 for international flights, Terminal 2 for national flights, including the Autonomous Regions of the Azores and Madeira. In 2008, the construction of a new airport was approved in the area of the Campo de Tiro de Alcochete, on the southern bank, some 40 km from the city. Its conclusion is expected in 2017, while Humberto Delgado Airport will remain.

Humberto Delgado Airport

The Port of Lisbon is one of the main European tourist ports, stopping numerous cruises. It shall be equipped with three cruise ship quays: Alcântara, Rocha Conde Óbidos and Santa Apollonia. The city also has several marinas for pleasure boats, on the docks of Belém, Santo Amaro, Bom Sucess, Alcântara Mar and Olivais. There is also a river transport network, Transtejo, which links the two banks of the Tagus, with stations in Cais do Sodré, Belém, Terreiro do Paço and Parque das Nations, on the north bank, and Cacilhas, Barreiro, Montijo, Trafaria, Porto Brandão and Seixal, on the south bank.

The city has an urban and suburban rail network with nine routes (4 metro and 5 suburban trains) and 123 stations (56 metro and 67 suburban trains). The operation of the metro network is carried out by the Metropolitano de Lisboa and the suburban rail network by the Comboios de Portugal (Azambuja, Cascais, Sintra and Sado lines) and by Fertagus (North-South axis line between Rome-Areeiro and Setúbal). The main railway stations are: Orient, Rossio, Sodré Quay, Entrecampos and Santa Apollonia.

Built at Expo'98, Gare in the East is one of the main terminal stations and transport interfaces in Lisbon. They pass by trains, the metro, buses and taxis. The station, with a notable architecture of glass and steel columns reminiscent of palm trees, was designed by the architect Santiago Calatrava. Right in front of it is the National Park, and the station has a connection to the Vasco da Gama Commercial Center. With its characteristic yellow color, the Lisbon Electric is the traditional transport in the city center. They are operated by Carris, as are the various lifts which run the hills of Lisbon: Bica elevator, Glory elevator, Lavra elevator and Santa Justa elevator.

Cabo Ruivo do Metropolitano de Lisboa

Electric on the Street of the Concept

The tram network is currently made up of six careers and covers a total of 48 km of lines in a gage of 900 mm, with 13 km in a reserved band. It employs 165 train drivers (conductors of trams, funiculars and elevators) and a fleet of 58 vehicles (historical 40, 10 joints and 8 light vehicles), based on a single station — Santo Amaro.

The company Carris is also responsible for the operation of the buses. There is also the Lisbon Road Terminal, one of the most important in the country, where dozens of buses with the most varied national and international destinations leave and arrive every day. Taxis are also very common in the city, and are currently cream in color, many still retain the emblematic colors of old taxis: black and green. There are several taxi squares and hundreds of taxis circulating all over the city. Despite the transport network, more than 3 million cars travel to Lisbon every day. Lisbon and its metropolitan area are crossed by two circular motorways, one outside and the other inside - CRIL, the Inner Regional Circular of Lisbon and CREL, the Outer Regional Circular of Lisbon, or A9. The main motorways connecting the city to the surrounding area are A1 (north by Vila Franca de Xira), A8 (also north by Loures), A5 (west to Cascais), A2 (south by Almada) and A12 (east by Montijo).^[missing sources ]

According to the 2000 figures from the Lisbon city council, and according to the type of cycle route, 84 km of bike routes, 50 km of cycle paths, 73 km of circulable lanes and 74 km of coexistence with vehicles were available and planned. In 2008, it was reported that Lisbon was going to make an investment of EUR 5 million (part of it with the National Strategic Reference Framework) in order to execute a further 40 km of new cycling routes, and there is also the intention to recover from existing ones. In the town's riverside area, there is already a clue between Belém and Cais do Sodré, which will later also link Santa Apolonia and then to the National Park. It was also planned to set up a network of 2500 bicycles, 250 bicycles and 65 parking facilities. In 2009, the information was that it was already possible to pedal between Benfica and Campolide. In two years, the city would have 90 km of cycling lanes and could be equipped with some 90 nbsp;km of cycling lanes. In the same year, it would have foreseen the functioning of the ring "Palace of Justice - Campolide - Benfica - Carnide - Roof - Lumiar - Campo Grande" and the entry into work of the path that would unite, on several stretches, Roof to the Park of the Nations. Currently, there is also the 6 km long Monsanto bike lane.^[no sources ]

View of the facade of the Gare station in the Orient in Lisbon.

Lisbon is a city with an intense cultural life. Epicenter of the discoveries since the 15th century, the city is the meeting point of the most diverse cultures, the first place in which the East, the Indies, the Africa and the Americas met. Maintaining close links with the former Portuguese colonies and today independent countries, Lisbon is one of Europe's most cosmopolitan cities. It is possible, on a single trip of the metro, to listen to languages such as cantonese, Cape Verdean creole, gujarati, Ukrainian, Italian or Portuguese with Mozambican or Brazilian pronunciation. And none of them spoken of by tourists, but by the city's inhabitants.^[lack sources ]

Music and theater

National Theater D. Maria II in Rossio Square

The traditional music of Lisbon is the fate, a nostalgic song accompanied by the Portuguese guitar. A popular explanation of their origin refers to the cantics of the Moors, which remained in the Mourai district after the Christian recapture. More plausibly, the fate's origin seems to be the result of Modinha's popularity in the 18th and 19th centuries, and of its popular synthesis with other related genders, such as the lundu, in the rich broth of Lisbon crops.^[lack sources ]

Lisbon hosts the Companhia Nacional de Bailado, the state-owned company created in 1977, with a vast repertoire of classical and contemporary dance programming. After Expo'98, CNB became a resident of the Camões Theater in the National Park. It counts on the EDP Foundation as exclusive patrons. The Lisbon Dance Company, CDL, founded in 1984, has the objetive of publicizing and decentralizing dance, teaching the different dance techniques in classes open to the population from the age of three. It creates and presents events with particular attention to the themes of Portuguese culture, at national and international level.

Events

Music and dance

Super Bock Super Rock Sisters 2007

Entry of Rock in Rio Lisboa, 2008

Since 1994, when it was European Capital of Culture, Lisbon has been hosting a number of international events from Expo 98 to Tenis World Master 2001, Euro 2004, Gymnahighway, MTV Europe Music Awards, Rali Dakar, Rock in Rio or the 50 years of Tall Ships' Races (Regata International dos Veleiros). In 2005, Lisbon was considered by the International Congress & Convention Association as the eighth most sought-after city in the world for international events and congresses.^[no sources ]

The Alfama-Lower/Chiado-Bairro Alto axis is the stage for erudite culture as for popular culture. On the flyby night, the offer is varied: a dinner with a live faado in the Upper Neighborhood can be followed by an opera spectacle in São Carlos, or a concert at the Coliseum. You can go on with alternative music at the ZDB, or with a trip through the many bars and discotheques in the Upper Neighborhood or the entire riverside area of the city. When the Sun is born, it is time to see the local inhabitants and the tourists who fill the historical nurseries, such as those from the castle, of the typical district of Alfama do Bairro Alto.^[lacks sources ]

The Jazz festival in August is held every year in Lisbon at the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. Here, national and international musicians give concerts to audiences of all ages. Lisbon has also received the International Organ Festival in Lisbon since 1998 in restored historical organs. Some of the places where the festival takes place are the Patriarchal Seat of Lisbon and the Star's Basilica. Another relevant event in the music world is Super Bock Super Rock, a summer music festival held every year in Tejo Park, at the mouth of the River Trancão, near the National Park. Organized since 1995, it is currently one of the most important Portuguese festivals.

Rock in Rio is a music festival originally organized in Rio de Janeiro, from where the name comes, which quickly became a worldwide event and in 2004 had its first international edition in Lisbon. In the course of his history, he had seven editions, three in Brazil, three in Portugal and one in Spain. In 2008, it was first held in two different places, Lisbon and Madrid, and there are intentions to organize a simultaneous edition on three different continents. In 2014, Lisbon will receive the Festival again.

The city of Lisbon is the scene of some festivals, such as IndieLisbon, an international alternative and independent film festival. The festival is organized by the cultural association Zero in behavior, and has already had five editions since 2003. Throughout the autumn, the cinema returns with DocLisboa (international documentary festival), the Lisbon Gay and Lesbian Film Festival, and the Festival "Temps d'Images".^[missing sources ]

Commemorative dates

St. António's Party in Lisbon

Lisbon owned a municipal holiday, June 13, St. Anthony's Day. However, the patron of the capital is São Vicente. The festivals in honor of Santo António de Lisboa take place throughout the city and the typical districts such as Alfama, Madragoa, Mouro, Castelo and others are decorated with balloons and decorative arcs. They have popular stingrays, places where the sardines roasted on the braza are eaten, Caldo Verde (a kale soup cut off from the lint) and wine is eaten red. The night of Santo António, as it is popularly called, is the party that starts on the night of the 12th. Every year, the city is organizing this evening the popular marches, a great allegorical parade that descends Avenida da Liberdade (the main artery of the city), in which the different districts compete, a bit like samba schools, in a sort of Portuguese carnival. A great fireworks usually ends the parade. Boys buy a marjoram (aromatic plant) in a small vase, to offer to their girlfriend, who brings a little flag with a popular court, sometimes brewing or joking.

Santo António is known as saint-marriages, so the Lisbon Municipal Council usually organizes, at the Patriarcal Sé in Lisbon, the marriage of young grooms of modest origin, every year on June 13. They are known as the ‘groom de Santo António’, they receive offers from the municipality and also from various companies, as a way of helping the new family. This tradition of marriages in Santo António began in 1958. The marches, on the other hand, arose in 1932.

Europe's largest Christmas tree in 2005

Every year, from 25 November to 7 January, Lisbon is illuminated by millions of small lights. In 2004, it erected Europe's largest Christmas tree. Initially set up in Belém, he moved to Terreiro do Paço in 2005 and 2006, then 76 meters in height, equivalent to a 30-story building. On the streets of Lower Low it is normal to see several Christmas attractions, such as music shows, cartoons disguised as Santa, etc. (street animation).

In the New Year, parties are common all over the city. Television usually shows several programs live, and the city's main feast is held in Terreiro do Paço, with several concerts and a fireworks mega-spectacle at midnight point (besides Terreiro do Paço, there are several launch points for fireworks scattered over Lisbon and the southern bank of the Tejo river in front of the capital).

The Carnival in Lisbon is celebrated mainly in schools. Some schools organize parades, which run along some streets of the city (mainly Augusta Street). The oldest is the parade of the Artistic School António Arroio. In the recreational institutions and in the Upper Neighborhood, there is also room for admiration of carnival-related parties.

Others

2011 Lisbon fashion entry

Lisbon Book Fair 2017

The Lisbon fashion is heated by the smoother winter of all European capitals, with several fashion shows, where several Portuguese and foreign creators show their tendencies.

Lisbon is also the scene of many other cultural events. Lisbonarte consists of several fine arts exhibitions in the lysbotic art galleries. Several artists expose their works to the public. In the theater, the Young Theater Show consists of the representation of various theatrical plays, by the future artists.^[lacks sources ]

In the literature, the Lisbon Book Fair, a certest that has been held since May 1930 in Lisbon every year. Feira usually takes place in the last few days of May. Its current location is Eduardo VII Park. On this fair, several authors of various books are usually invited to autograph sessions. These are great opportunities to buy books at lower prices.

Other events include the Ocean Festival, which takes place every year in August in the National Park; the Experiment, a mega-design festival held every two years in September; and LisbonPhoto, an exhibition, where several photographers can expose their photos to the public. Since 2006, an event dedicated exclusively to Luz (a biannual event) has been held in Lisbon, Luzboa. Throughout the city, various installations created by plastic artists centered on the theme Luz are spread out. Bairro Alto, Lower, Avenue, are some of the places that receive this show.

A major ceremony has been organized in the Restaurant Square for several years, involving various political, civil and military entities, to honor the Portuguese Independence Restoration. For 44 years, Lisbon was mostly the seat of the RTP Song Festival. This festival serves to elect a representative, who will represent the country in another European country, the winner of the previous edition of the Eurovision Song ^Festival.^[missing sources ]

Public spaces and museums

National Museum of Ancient Art

The Lisbon Ocean in the National Park

Lisbon has three public universities, the University of Lisbon, the Technical University of Lisbon and the New University of Lisbon and several private universities. The city is equipped with several libraries, the most important being the National Library, and archives, such as the Military Historical Archive and the Overseas Historical Archive among others, but what deserves most prominence, being one of the most important archives in the world, is the Tower of Tombo.^[lacks sources ]

The museums include: National Museum of Ancient Art, with the most important national collection of ancient painting; Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, whose diversified collection includes six thousand pieces of art from various historical periods; Chiado Museum, with a collection of Portuguese art from the 19th century; Museum-Collection Berardo, where a modern and contemporary international art collection is presented in parallel with contemporary art exhibitions; Centro de Arte Moderna José de Azeredo Perdigão where, in addition to temporary exhibitions, a permanent Portuguese art core of the 20th and 21st centuries is exhibited; the Coches National Museum, the most visited in the country, with the largest collection of coaches in the world; Museum of Electricity with a permanent exhibition showing the production of energy and the machinery of the former Tejo Central mixing science and entertainment; the Ocean of Lisbon, with its impressive collection of living species; Lisbon Military Museum, with a permanent arms exhibition of various times.^[missing sources ]

Other museums and cultural centers: Museum Arpad Szenes - Vieira da Silva; Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro Museum; Design and fashion museum; Museum of Decorative Art; National Museum of Archeology; National Museum of the Suit; Eastern Museum; National Museum of Azulejo Pharmacy Museum; Navy Museum; Water Museum; Museum of the Iron Carris Company of Lisbon; the Casa-Museum of Fernando Pessoa; José Saramago Foundation.^[lack sources ]

In the concert halls stand out the Coliseum of Recrears, the Magna Aula of the University of Lisbon, the Lisbon Forum, the auditoriums of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, the Cultural Center of Bethlehem and Culture, the Atlantic Pavilion and the Plaza de Touros do Campo Pequeno, in addition to the various theaters and cinemas.^[lacks sources ]

Monuments and historic districts

View of Alfama's historic neighborhood

Terreiro do Paço, Lower Pombalina

Lower Pombalina and Chiado are the city's "heart." It was built on the ruins of the ancient city of Lisbon, destroyed by the great earthquake of 1755. Its construction obeyed a rigorous urban plan, according to a reticulous street/block model, obeying the philosophy of the Enlightenment. The rebuilding of the downfall of Lisbon after the earthquake was the first typical, standardized and serial construction of mankind. Its authors were Manuel da Maia and Eugénio dos Santos and the political decision is due to the Marquis of Pombal, Minister of El Rei D. José I Lower is also the largest commercial area in the city of Lisbon. Near and with historical interest, the Restaurant Square and the Elevator of Santa Justa, projected in the late 19th century by Mesnier du Ponsard are still. In the downtown there is also the Plaza do Comércio (also known as Terreiro do Paço, Rossio, or Dom Pedro V Square, Chiado, the Convento do Carmo and the Plaza do Restauradores (Plaza do Restauradores).^[lacks sources ]

Alfama is one of the most typical districts of Lisbon, with its typical Arabic and medieval city architecture with narrow streets, one of the few sites in Lisbon that survived the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake. It is in Alfama that most of the houses in Fado are to be found, where you can enjoy various live performances. In Alfama, a distinction is made between the Castle of São Jorge, on the top hill of the city center, the Sé de Lisboa, the Pantheon Nacional and the Feira da Ladra and the Mirbab de Santa Luzia.^[lack sources ]

Bairro Alto is a typical district of Lisbon, located in the center of the city, above the lower Pombal. It's an area of commerce, entertainment and housing. Currently, the Alto district is a place of "meeting" between the city's young people, and one of the principal areas of night entertainment in the capital. Here urban tribes are concentrated, which have their own meeting places. The fado still survives on the neighborhood nights. People visiting the Upper Neighborhood during the night are a mass of places and tourists.^[lack sources ]

Next to the Tagus riverside area, the Poente do downtown, is the Belém parish, representative of the city of the Discoveries era. We can see in this area two buildings classified by UNESCO as World Heritage: The Jeronymous Monastery, ordered to be built by King D. Manuel I in 1501 and the best example of the so-called Manuelino Style, whose inspiration comes from the discoveries, and is also associated with the Gothic style and some renaissance influences. The monastery cost the equivalent of 70 kg of gold a year, borne by the spice trade. The remains of Luís Vaz de Camões, author of Os Lusíadas, rest in the Monastery, and also the great discoverer Vasco da Gama.^[lacks sources ]

The Tower of Bethlehem, built from 1515 to 1519

Free Water Aqueduct in Alcântara

Very close to the Jerônimos Monastery, the Tower of Bethlehem is to be found, a military building under the watchdog in the Tagus bar, the great "ex-libris" of the city of Lisbon and an architectural precious stature. In addition, the Pattern of Discovery, the Belém Palace, official residence of the President of the Republic, the National Coches Museum, the Electricity Museum, the Memory Church and the Cultural Center in Bethlehem, are to be found in Belgium.^[lack sources ]

The parish of Estrela includes one of the most famous and ancient parks in the capital, Jardim da Estrela, which was created more than 100 years ago and was inspired by Hyde Park in London. The Star's Basilica, with a Baroque-Neoclassical style, is the main attraction in this part of the city. The Assembly of the Republic and the Cemetery of Pleasure are also two other important points of the city, which are located in this area of the city.^[lack sources ]

Representative of modern Lisbon, the National Park was born in 1998 to host the world exhibition Expo 98 on the subject of the Oceans. The exhibition opened on May 22, 1998, the day on which the 500 years of the discovery of the maritime path to India by Vasco da Gama were celebrated. With all this, the eastern part of the city called the National Park has become the most modern area of Lisbon and even Portugal, and Lisbon has gained immense structures, such as the São Rafael Tower and the São Gabriel Tower, both 110 meters high, the highest structures in Lisbon and Portugal. The main attractions of the neighborhood are: the Ocean of Lisbon, the Atlantic Flag, the Flag of Portugal, the Vasco da Gama Tower, the Vasco da Gama Bridge and the Gare of the Orient, by architect Santiago Calatrava.^[missing sources ]

The parish of Beato (Lisbon) is notable for the new cultural dynamic that it has been experiencing in the 21st century. The manufacturing districts and the industrial facilities on the river are the stage of the election for contemporary art galleries, night life, markets, restaurants and museums, such as the National Museum of Azulejo or the Grilo Palace.

From the beginning of the 18th century the most significant monument is the Aqueduct of Free Waters. I would also like to mention the real palaces of Needs and Aid in the western part of the city. At the end of the 19th century the urban planning allowed the city to be extended beyond Lower to the valley of the current Freedom Avenue. In 1934, the Marquis Square of Pombal was built, the upper wing of the avenue. In the 20th century, there are extensive urban plans for Avenidas Nova, for the University of Lisbon (University City) and for the Olivais area, and for the most recent National Park and Upper Lisbon Park, which is still under construction.^[No sources ]

Gastronomy

cream pastels

The gastronomy of Lisbon is influenced by its proximity to the sea. Typically lysbotic specialties are cod and fish in the garden. You can also enjoy the tasty sardines (mainly in the festive times, as in the Santo António). The famous Coffee Steak is another former food libris in the capital. The most famous candy from Lisbon is the Pastel de Nata, whose most famous are those from Belém, which are made in an old factory in the Belém Freguesia. The legend prays, which more than 500 years ago, a cook, did not have enough ingredients to make candy, and which decided to invent, so the Pastels of Bethlehem were born. They were made for years at the Jerônimos Monastery in Belém, and only a few years ago they changed their manufacturing site. In the concert halls stand out the Coliseum of Recrears, the Magna Aula of the University of Lisbon, the Lisbon Forum, the auditoriums of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, the Cultural Center of Bethlehem and Culture, the Atlantic Pavilion and the Plaza de Touros do Campo Pequeno, in addition to the various theaters and cinemas.^[lacks sources ]

Sports

Stadium José Alvalade, home of the Sporting Club of Portugal

Meia Marathon de Lisbon

Football is Lisbon's most popular sport. The most prominent football clubs are Sport Lisboa e Benfica (SLB) and Sporting Club de Portugal (SCP), known only as Benfica and Sporting respectively. These clubs play in the highest national and international sports: Benfica plays at the Luz Stadium with 65,000 seats and a 5-star distinction by UEFA. It has already won the UEFA Champions League twice and has already reached a total of seven times the final. Its most famous players are Eusébio (Golden Ball, Gold Boat 2 times), Rui Costa (FIFA 100), Nuno Gomes and Simão Sabrosa. Sporting plays at the José Alvalade Stadium, with a capacity for 50,000 people with a 5-star distinction by UEFA. The winner of the Cup of Cup Winners and the finalist of the UEFA Cup on one occasion is the second club in Europe with the most titles in all forms, only superseded by FC Barcelona, and the third European club with the most European glasses won (25). The most famous players who emerged on Sporting are Luís Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo, both distinguished as "Best Player in the World" by FIFA (FIFA World Player) and both winners of the "Golden Ball". Another important sports club is Belenenses, with a great tradition in Portuguese sport. Belenese is the city's third football team, playing at the Rest Stadium and competing in the First League. However, behind previous clubs, with a much lower number of members.^[no sources ]

The Futsal is probably the second most popular sport in the capital, with three professional teams in the Sport Zone League based in the city: Sporting CP, SL Benfica and Belenenses. Professional Basketball has more and more followers. Belenese and Benfica have professional teams, playing in the first division, and Lisbon was the seat of the 2003 World Basketball Team, a contender in the Atlantic Flag. Another popular sport is hockey: the portuguese hockey team won 15 champion titles in the world and gained great support from its citizens. In the city, many other sports are practiced, in particular for sailing sports, such as sailing and rowing, but also golf, cycling, etc. The main lybotic sports institutions are: Ginásio Club Português, Association Naval de Lisboa, Club Naval de Lisboa, Casa Pia Atlética Club, Atlética Club de Portugal, CDUL - Rugby, Grupo Sports de Direito.^[lacks sources ]

The Lisbon Half-Marathon takes place every year in March, with the participation of thousands of competitors from various countries, professionals and amateurs. There are always two styles of evidence, one short for amateurs who don't feel very prepared, and one longer for professionals, and anyone who wants to risk it. The main part of the race/marathon is when participants cross the April 25 Bridge. In 2014, Lisbon hosted the 2013-14 UEFA Champions League Final of the 2013-14 UEFA Women's Football Champions League and in 2020 the 2019-20 UEFA Football Champions League Final.^[lacks

Panorama from inside the Light Stadium.

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